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Representing Maori speech in Alan Duff's Once Were Warriors

International Christian University, Japan, iainlam{at}gmail.com

Much of the reaction, both positive and negative, to the publication of Alan Duff's novel Once Were Warriors centred on its language. This article analyses the ways in which characteristic linguistic features of New Zealand English are represented in the novel, in particular by its Maori protagonists. It also draws stylistic comparisons with other writers, such as Scotland's James Kelman, who have attempted to give their characters a particular local voice outside of, or in opposition to, Standard English by having them speak in their own language or variety of English.

Key Words: cushioning • Duff • Alan • glossing • Kelman • James • New Zealand English (NZE) • phonological mergers

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